The Foreshadowing of the Black Death

Given the evidence of the bubonic plague, what role does the environment have in the decline of human population?

The environment requires a sense of balance in order for it to thrive and coexist with humanity. The balance between humanity and the environment is something which history has corrupted and forced to become defective and even to the point where it threatens humanity itself. In the instance of the Black Death, that is exactly the case. With humanity becoming ever so advanced, sizable, and elaborate (culturally speaking), humans got distracted and separated themselves from the surroundings which they were immersed in. Keeping in mind the notion of a balance between humanity and the environment, the balance was instituted since the beginning of human history, and the environment/nature has taken and will take any steps necessary in order to teach humanity a lesson that the balance must remain intact and healthy. One measure by which humanity has seen repeated in history, is disease. But, one disease grew into mass proportions, as it cut Europe’s population virtually in half. Now, the environment began this disease in the first place for one sole reason: to make the number of humans inhabiting the environment less, therefore recreating a balanced relationship between humanity and the environment, as there is a reasonable amount of space being taken up versus left alone, resources used versus resources maintained and kept untouched, to avoid potential over-pollution, etc. For whatever reasons, the environment felt the balance was off, and used nature to reinstitute it in society, whether the means by which it does so is pleasant or the total opposite. Using animals (rats, fleas), a powerful force in nature, the environment allowed for them to initiate a deadly, poisonous, threatening, and spreadable disease which effortlessly turned from a disease into a pandemic, classifying it as one of the worst natural diseases humanity has ever seen. Of course, the tactic nature used worked even better as it planned to, as human institutions and advancements allowed for easy spreading, exchanging, and fearing of the bubonic plague. Trading, a fairly new institution in society, among the Silk Road, connected almost all of the towns and nations in Europe and some of Asia. With instinctive contact, trafficking, and mistakable connections, merchandise which would eventually reach most establishments, traders who would come into other contact with humans across their journeys, and animals used in order to efficiently trade all caught, in some fashion, the disease and passed it along to wherever it passed and ended up. Trading was a vital element to the success of the pandemic as without nature’s help, reached epic proportions and effected an unpredictable amount of people. Fortunately for nature, the disease worked and allowed for the balance to be reinstated in society. With a huge fraction of humanity was wiped off of the face of the Earth, less resources were being used, more space was being left natural and undisturbed, and the overall environment was thriving as it did before humanity got ahead of itself. The Black Death is an ideal example of how nature presides over all human developments, and that humanity is a minority when it comes to the greater world and environment. This severe consequence should have been assumed by humans, and teach humanity the essential lesson to survival/to avoid any more pandemic such as this, that overpopulation and too big of steps forward will result in an enormous step back; it was a foreshadowing of the future/modern era of human history. Yet, with the massive proportions humans have grown to, we are beginning to be able to cure some effects which the environment throws at us, but are also on the edge of a great failure. Perhaps as humanity is progressing ever so much, history is being written. Or rewritten.

Sustainability of Nature and Civilization

Given the discussion on Mesopotamia versus the Mohenjo-Daro, and the Laws of Manu, how does a society sustain itself for the longest amount of time possible?

The Laws of Manu consist of strict laws by which the Hindus civilization lived accordingly to, all having a central theme of sustaining, protecting, and thriving the environment which surrounded them. Their civilization and structures which governs it ideally represents how a society must fulfill  all of the lower level of the hierarchy of needs in order to prosper in a societal place. Being such a complex and knowledgeable society, the Hindus people obtained their air, food, water and shelter from their environment around them in such abundance and quite simply, considering the astounding relationship they held with the natural resources and natures all around them. It is almost inconceivable to understand how the Hindus people understood the capacity and importance of how their society functioned and what they did every day. But, because their environment was the basis of their society, they were able to build up upon the hierarchy of needs and establish a working culture, including elements like religions, government, and law/punishment systems. The Hindus society and population has come a far way from environmentalism related laws and simple living styles, or since the textbook spoke of; Hinduism is a decently large practice today, meaning that this culture and peoples have sustained themselves from 200 CE to 2011 CE--that’s a long time. I think that this particular society was able to sustain themselves because they had a foundational relationship with their environment, therefore they worked together with nature, and naturally made it through most of modern history. Without the essential relationship and regulations they established (concerning the environment), there is a slim chance that the Hindus’ practices would have survived. I believe that societies like the Hindus was able to sustain themselves for an enormous and expansive amount of time whereas societies like Mesopotamia and Mohenjo-Daro because they were adaptive and allowed the environment to rely on them when other civilizations relied on the environment. Because of the Hindus remarkable relation and ability to apply nature into their daily life and foundational practices allowed them to adapt to whatever environment might envelope them--other societies were set in one location, and founded everything (if anything) on their surrounding environment; if something were to happen to it, or they were forced to move, they would not be able to adapt to a new surrounding because they previously developed an entire lifestyle off of one environment. Basically, it would have been too much of a change and the society would collapse and get lost in the midst of all of the adjustments. The Laws of Manu was the core of the Hindus civilization, and because it allowed the population to maintain such a natural and prospering lifestyle all according with the environment, it stuck with the environment and was carried along with wherever direction nature was headed in, allowing it to sustain itself to this day. 

RESEARCH DAY

1. Charles, Jacqueline. Politics of International Aid in Sharper Focus Following Haiti Earthquake. United States, Washington: McClatchy - Tribune Information Services, 2010. http://search.proquest.com/docview/456410514?accountid=3360.

This explains how the Earthquake prompted a new, nationwide economic uprising; as every country is out to get some of the action and hopeful economic strive from pouring money into Haiti, Haiti has turned into a pressINg conflict, as to decide where the money goes. Currently, this states most, if not all of the money is going to NGs, and it has become an issue as to which NGOs should receive the money, how it should be spent, and how Haiti can control aid agencies and reliefs. This raises a conflict of NGOs that says whether or not they are reliable, stable, and valid. It also effected Haiti's history of corruption (economically), and poses the question as to where Haiti should proceed for the better of every nation including itself.

2. Politician Makes Pitch for Donations to Haiti Earthquake Victims - and His Own Campaign Fund. United States, Fort Lauderdale: Newstex, 2010. http://search.proquest.com/docview/189705022?accountid=3360.

Interestingly, this article regards how the economic standing of the situation encompassing Haiti is a tactic to which politicians can gain popularity and prevalence. In other words, it explains how politicians are using the notion of giving money to Haiti and helping those in need, devastated by economic corruption, to get more people to agree and vote for them in the long run. Raising moral, ethical, and urgent questions, this article shows an ideal picture of how the earthquake corrupted the entire world, not just Haiti itself.

3. Morgan, Sarah. "The Haitian Earthquake's Economic Aftershocks." Smart Money: The Wall Street Journal, Jan 13, 2011. http://www.smartmoney.com/invest/markets/the-haitian-earthquakes-economic-aftershocks/

This article explains how the earthquake was a severe setback to Haiti as the disaster made a develping economy even worse than it was before--and it wasn't that good before. Being the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, all of Haiti's industries including tourism, exportation of products (apparel) and trade with other countries, the effect is sure to be felt in and out of Haiti alike.

4. Haiti to Need 11bn Dollars for Earthquake Recovery - Report. United Kingdom, London: BBC Worldwide Limited, 2010.http://search.proquest.com/docview/460146392?accountid=3360.

Compared to all other earthquakes which struck Haiti, based solely off of en economic standpoint, this one was the worst. This report provides the estimated amounts of money Haiti needs and it taking in in order ro recover from the disaster and start up a functioning society and economy yet again; it provides stattistic in all areas of development, such as territory, budgeting, government, industry, etc.

5. Picard, Andre. "To Rescue Haiti we must Look at Past Mistakes." The Globe and Mail, Jan 21, 2010.http://search.proquest.com/docview/382592141?accountid=3360.

This review tells of how Haiti was a disaster (man-made) to begin with, with poor infrastructure, homelessness, malnutrition, etc. Most of this is a result of the minimal economic development and opportunity which Haiti has seen over the past years, and now that it is in such a worsened state, countries nationwide should see it to learn from their mistakes which caused Haiti to delve into such a decline, and not create more dependency on outside nations for economic support, but to prioritize to establish a working economy with job and cash flow to rebuild Haiti from the rubble it was in before and after the earthquake.

6. "AAAS Caribbean Division Explores the Vital Connections between Science and Human Rights." Targeted News Service, Nov 01, 2010. http://search.proquest.com/docview/761407929?accountid=3360.

This article speaks of the enormous issues which Haiti faces, including HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, lack of educational systems, human rights, etc. and how the Earthquake caused a huge setback in efforts to relieve and solve these problems. Also, that these problems are a priority to rid society from, but are a defining characteristics of Haiti. It explains individuals and groups which have missions and goals to innovate which grasps Haiti and how the economy of Haiti helps to ensure the eminence of such issues in society, even more pressing with the earthquake at hand.

The Migration of Culture

Given the lack of technology at the time, how did the Bantu languages spread?

The Bantu languages spread drastically quick and distant throughout the regions surrounding its origin. While there is not a concrete answer as to how the language became so prevalent and dominating in societies, historians have many theories to answer the question. As civilizations and populations expanded, looking for more, bigger, and resourceful territories to live in, people naturally grew and wandered off to other places in search of a more suitable and "better" life. They cannot control what comes along with them, though. Especially in large groups, which is the case with the ones who speak such languages, they rely on their previous and established culture to guide them through areas which are unfamiliar and undeveloped, to them. Therefore, where ever the population settled at the end, they brought along their culture and lived accordingly so until the assimilated and comprehended the new culture which they were dropped into. As it takes time to understand and live by new cultures, it allowed for much of their previous culture, including their languages, to catch onto society and spread, as it was something new and very significant at the time, since there was not a universal language worldwide; people wanted to develop a language system which could be used not only in their society but others around them. Therefore, wherever the population ended up, that is where they would impose and influence their language, in addition to many other cultural aspects, on the population which they intruded on. The mixing of cultures and expansion of societies have a direct relationship with each other, as one increases, the opposite one increases and reaches new heights which were never conceived of before the interaction of different people from cultural backgrounds began. Eventually, cultures expanding and populations rising led to many collaborations of people from an assortment of histories who had a diversity of knowledge, which established some of the universal cultural foundations which society lives by today.

The Mohenjo-Daro and the Hierarchy of Needs (Mock Essay)

Given the hierarchy of needs, how did Mohenjo-Daro build up their civilization?

Currently, when I think of civilization, I think of the seven definition features of one: technology, culture, writing, government, religion, food, and social structure. But, when comparing those elements to the hierarchy of needs for civilization, I found that all of them, except for one (stable food supply) are all in higher categories than the first. In order for civilization to flourish culturally, sophisticatedly, and fundamentally, it must start with the physiological needs (first level), and build up upon that structure. Without physiological aspects in life, one can not establish safety. Without safety, one can not develop senses of love and belonging. Without love and senses of belonging, one can not grow esteem. Without esteem, one can not expect self=actualization. In other words, a society can not develop a system of trade before it implements ways by which it will obtain its food and water, because without that (the essentials for survival), there would be no life; without life, there would be no need or existence of a trade system. The Mohenjo-Daro utilized their surrounding environment and natural resources in order to fulfill the fundamental level of sustainability (physiological) which allowed them to expand their society to higher and more advanced elements of civilization, such as economics, social structure, and technology.

The Mohenjo-Daro society was located in strategically appealing position, considering it easily provided the establishment with one of the essential needs for survival that is a core foundation in the first level of the hierarchy of needs: water. Situated directly next to the Indus River, the Mohenjo-Daro population can fulfill their basic need for water conveniently and naturally. Since the river provided the population with one of its fundamental necessities, the civilization could begin building up to bigger and more primitive functions. Being right on the river, the Mohenjo-Daro has easy access and transportation, the civilization was able to control and greatly influence trade via waterways. Connected to a central river network, the civilization would be able to access and dominate trade routes leading to and from the location of the society. This is an example of a civilization that ideally utilized their natural resources and strengthened their relationship with the environment by putting what it provided to efficient use. They applied their lifestyle to the environment, and allowed it to fulfill both their physiological needs, and with that, addressed more advanced and sophisticated elements of civilization. The River provided water as well as a basis for trade and a developing economic system throughout the region.

A third physiological need which must be met in order for a society to be able to build up and address other elements of civilization is food. The population of Mohenjo-Daro lived in an environment which provided incredibly poor conditions to bring up livestock or animals. Therefore, the Mohenjo-Daro primarily focused on wild plant resources for food. With fertile and growing plants comes usable, moist, and healthy soil, a main construction resource which made the Mohenjo-Daro such a distinctive and advanced civilization. Using the soil and mud, made usable by the vast plant and raw material sources, the population was able to form massive mud brick platforms and structures, an advanced building technology which came to define some of what the society became. With the mud bricks, the society was able to grow to vast proportions, with massive mounds, barriers, and structures. In addition to mud bricks, fried bricks were also a newly developed technology which the Mohenjo-Daro used in big quantities. “The Citadel” was designed especially with fried bricks, comprising of structures such as a water tank (Great Bath) and many distinguishable doorways, courtyards, and buildings. Such building technology also allowed the population to construct methods by which if the River were to flood, the civilization itself would receive minimal damage. The citizens prioritized, and obtained food sources in order to survive, and based off of their resources available, only after, began to develop a system of technology. Using the environment to grow plants to provide food for the population not only allowed the Mohenjo-Daro to establish an advanced and concrete construction technique, but also kept the ecosystem fertilized, healthy, and pure. 

The building technology also helped establish a social structure in the Mohenjo-Daro society. With a stable and reliable food and water source, the Mohenjo-Daro were able to climb further up into the hierarchy of needs to institute another aspect of civilization in their society, but one that is not essential but has grown to become a pressing need in society. With evidence of different building strategies and materials, archaeologists were able to discover the establishment of different social classes. The city was divided into functional branches: the western mounds and the lower mounds. The two were built in different places, which described who lived there and what they did. The western mounds were at ground level or higher, evidently being the administrative centers. The lower mounds were built beneath them or lower than the administrative, representing residencies and industrial areas. This allowed excavators to develop a sense that there were shifting centers of power within the society. But, when observing the construction of artifacts and crafts, archaeologists were able to discover that the ones found made of precious metals, high fired stoneware, and rare materials indicated signs of wealth (via trade) and power. The technologies influenced the unmistakable social structure which set the rulers and wealthy class from the common people and lower class. This reflects the many social and economic levels present in the civilization, proving how progressed and developed the Mohenjo-Daro civilization was.

Essentially, because the population had already supplied itself with the physiological needs, they were able to climb up the hierarchy of needs and address each level with different aspects of civilization. Using their provided environment, the population initiated ways by which satisfy the first level of the hierarchy, allowing it to focus on the next level. Perhaps the Mohenjo-Daro can be looked at as a civilization which fulfilled the hierarchy of needs, and began to look towards other ways which civilization could prosper. This is a foreshadowing of many of the civilizations to come after the Mohenjo-Daro, as humanity takes too big of a step forward without accounting for the basic necessities which survival calls for, leading the unavoidable destruction and corruption of civilization.

Haiti Economic Effects Beginning Research Bibliography

Dougherty, Conor and Kathy Shwiff. "Earthquake in Haiti: A Feeble Economy, Knocked Flat." Wall Street Journal, Jan 14, 2010. http://search.proquest.com/docview/399096340?accountid=3360.


From The Wall Street Journal, this source allowed me to get a unique perspective strictly from a business point of view. The periodical stated a couple specific companies which have a base in Haiti, and explained how the disaster impacted their businesses and economic conditions. Providing statistics regarding the population's economic standings, damage costs, and overall economic flow, this article supplied me with information on how the business world sees the pertinent effect which the earthquake made on the Haitian economic system. 
(using ProQuest)






Berger, Sebastien. "Firms Assess Haiti Impact; 'We're Trying to Figure Out Where Everybody is'." National Post, Jan 14, 2010. http://search.proquest.com/docview/330857185?accountid=3360.


This article from the newspaper National Post provided a spectrum of details, explaining Haiti's economic state and plans dating back to 1999, and described its positive and negative strides all the way up until the disaster. Detailing about the catastrophically effective disaster, it tells of many country's perspectives and impacts which Haiti's earthquake had on them. This allowed me to understand the capacity of the economic disaster and how the process by which Haiti's economy improved and worsened, and eventually became as destroyed, if not worse, than it was before.

Uncivilized Civilization

Given the definition of civilization being a “higher form of society”, is civilization something that improves or worsens humanity?

In the dictionary, civilization is defined as the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced. Although, civilization is merely a goal. It is a state which humanity, using the advanced developments and organizations, strives to implement into reality. Because civilization is considered as an implication of superiority and a refinement of human behavior, thought, and progress, its takes humanity to a superior level, therefore establishing a notion of supremacy, or something that humanity cannot attain. Therefore, civilization is simply a goal which humanity sets for itself and attempts to construct and live by. 

The opposite of civilized refers to inferiority. This implies negativity, yet is a viewpoint which many obdurately hold and see humanity as a whole as. If civilization had been achieved early on in human history, there would be little change in structure of society, but rather minimal revision which are deemed necessary in order to improve humanity and its way of living. Looking at history allows us to understand that humanity never achieved civilization as there has been countless major (and minor) alterations in society as a result of a revolution, conflict, question, or tragedy; the structure of humanity has rarely stayed consistent throughout periods of time. Therefore, humanity can be regarded as uncivilized, as it has never achieved a firm civilization, yet continuously achieved and refined uncivilized formations and attempts to realize civilization.

Even though humanity may be seen as uncivilized, it does not deem it negative or defective as the word generally implies. Realistically, if humanity had reached a solid foundation of civilization, there would have been little, if any progression or advancements in human history. Without change, nothing which society is built upon today would have been established; change is a byproduct of uncivilized actions. None of the major installments which would provide the basis of civilization, if established, would be feasible or developed without the results of inferior civilization (which is where humanity stands). Therefore, uncivilized civilizations should be regarded as extremely positive and beneficial rather than inferior and faulty. 

Taking this into account, humanity should set a goal of being uncivilized (to a certain extent) in order to develop civilized foundations, rather than attempting to attain civilization from the beginning. Basically, uncivilized civilizations are the key to successful and superior civilizations.

The Provided Environment

Given the notion of being (one of) the first populations of mankind on Earth, how can a civilization survive in the provided environment?

When first deciding on where to locate our civilization, our group conversed about what location had the essentials, or elements which could provide the essentials more easily, already there. We decided on placing our society in the current location of Chicago, Illinois, because we figured that it provided the civilization with three significant features, environmentally speaking, which would allow the society to sustain their population and live with the essential resources around them without needing to establish anything major. 

The location of Chicago supply the civilization with resources which could be used to their extreme advantage, considering the minimal developed relationship the population had with the environment at the time. Bordering the lake, one of the few extensive mass, fresh water sources in the region, fulfills the need for drinking water, water for crops, and water for livestock. Therefore, the population would not have to establish a substantial system by which water is transported from far away distances. The closeness and connivence of the water also eliminates the chance that the water become contaminated, dirty, or infested with organisms not native to it; this places the population at a high leveled advantage that allows it to prosper without the ongoing worry of a water source. Plus, it provides a heavily relied on food source, fish, which were depended on my countless of people to fulfill the essential survival need of eating. 

Being in the location they are issues the civilization with yet an another benefit of having multiple food sources surrounding them, whether it be a biotic or abiotic aspect of the ecosystem. Fish, being one major source of food, is the first provider. Also, the area is populated with bison, being the main crucial source of meat for the population. Bison supplies individuals with the nourishment needed for survival, as well as nutrients such as iron and protein, benefiting the individual’s health in addition to the need for food. Other biotic food sources include the many species of crops, such as corn and wheat, which are harvested and grown all over the region in the ideal conditions for growing crops which the location provides us with. The civilization immensely relies on the crops grown as other food sources as meats are more expensive and rare, whereas the crops are in abundance and supply similar and different nutrients to the population. There is also a population of pigs and sheep which were obtained from the western lands as the population migrated towards the lake and harvested, produced, and kept. Pigs and Sheep also go towards fulfilling the need for food as they are sources of pork and other meats. The livestocks and animals serve more than one purpose, though, as the civilization is passionate about using resources to their utmost potential. The bison and sheep’s outer coats, wool and furs, are skinned and used as clothing for warmth purposes during the harsh winters as well as materials for construction used to build structures such as houses and coverings (roofs for shade). 

Lastly, the area is abundant and densely populated with trees. The entire civilization is fundamentally structured around the usage of trees. The trees provide a natural and solid defense system, as the entire civilization is enclosed on one side by the lake, and the remaining borders are edged by thick trees. This blocks away all potential offenders and intruders. The trees also provide shade, as the summers become incredibly high in temperature, the trees are a natural source of shade which is really valuable during the hot seasons. Trees also supply wood, the resource which is used more than any other in the civilization. Wood is put into use for construction purposes as it builds the structures of almost all the buildings which stand. It also is the basis of the irrigation system which runs through much of the civilization providing water to areas distanced away from the lake. Using wood supplies a base which is sustainable through all seasons and is stable, sprouting all other resources to blossom and allows the fundamental existence of the population; without water, no biotic factors would be able to survive--wood allows them so prosper. Trees also grow leaves and house organisms which are essential to the environment. Without the high population of trees, little fresh oxygen would be given off to all aspects of the environment, and nutrients which they provide would be absent from society, causing a potentially huge environmental catastrophe. 

Being located in central North America provides this civilization with the environmental resources all civilizations need, right at their fingertips. It has a consistent supply of water, the proper conditions, land, and species to allow food sources to grow, and an abundance of trees which serve an unlimited amount of purposes. If the environment did not supply the population with their essential survival needs and other natural resources, the structure and concept of civilization would be much changed and establish a much more challenging lifestyle.

The Route to Success

When reading about the Neolithic Era, a theme and continuous notion began to pop up, and I worded it in a way that shows both the positive and negative elements to it. This demonstrates exactly how the people in that time period struggled to find a balance between the pros and cons of an invention or idea. The people in the Neolithic Era exemplified the notion that the key to success if failure because through the revolutions and theories which were applied to society, they experienced both positive and negative outcomes as well as challenges which presented them with options that consistently returned to the idea of sustaining a connection between society in the environment. 

The principle of irrigation was developed as societies needed to find methods to efficiently and productively transport water from the distant water sources, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, to their community. The civilization needed to come up with ways in which they can transfer sufficient amounts of water from the rivers to society without spilling mass amounts. They needed such a water source for the fundamental survival need of drinking, as well as to grow foods, plants, and livestock on newly developed farms. Irrigation expanded civilization exceedingly, as it sprouted an entirely new era of producing food and allowed people to trade and share foods since it was coming in larger amounts than before as a hunter brought in one animal for many individuals. This change initiated trade and expanded societies who traded with one another, creating new relationships in the process. While this was an extreme positive which came out of the invention of irrigation, there was also the immense danger that heavy rains could flood the rivers, therefore flowing huge amounts of water into communities and farms via irrigation systems, destroying farms and several human and animal lives on the way. This was the environment's method restoring balance and order into society, as it (water) was not intended to be utilized in this way. Therefore, with the relationship between humans and their environment thriving to a new level, the connection was forced to backtrack and restart the process of development again, as it was obviously flawed and not stable and agreeable with the environment. Through the connection with the environment, humanity was faced with an enormous failure and in need of revision of the method of irrigation. This failure, though, led to further adaptation and alteration of the notion of irrigation, and with the combination of the learned mistakes from the failure as well as further developed logic and thought, society was able to take the failure and use it to their complete advantage. They established a new, revised method of irrigation and transportation of water, forming a massive success. 

This illustrates an ideal example of how society found the key to success in failure. As peculiar as it may be, society develops and progresses only when a failure occurs as a result of a revolution or new idea; it is (mostly) bound for failure. Although, using the failure as experience and demonstration, humanity is then able to use what they have learned and apply it to create something more successful and developed than they ever envisioned.

The Earthquake's Economic Impact on Haiti

http://search.proquest.com/docview/405568918/1324A89FCF969B118B4/1?accountid=3360

1. This newspaper article offers many examples and identifications of Haiti’s economic standing after the earthquake destroyed most parts of society just a few weeks and months before. It explains how the undoubted economy of Haiti has rebounded extremely well from the disaster which hit them. The economy is showing signs of prosperity as business if returning after all businesses and economies were at a complete standstill for a while after the earthquake. Although, the earthquake shut down the primary banking systems, citizens found themselves in need of cash and a source of money. This raised the need of the recirculation of money through society, as the Haitian government implemented methods in order to infuse money back into circulation. The basic need is to get small businesses going again to get money into people’s possession, to re-involve banks into society and get them back up and running. The ones who do still have and are regaining money, though, are very protective and use minimal amounts because of the extreme rise of prices of all merchandise. In addition to money needing to be reinstalled in society, the destruction of many stores and economic centers have caused countless people to become unemployed, therefore having no money being received and none to spend to recirculate it. But, reporters and officials in Haiti are taking this opportunity of being in the rubble to rebuild an improved society. They say that with all the donated and found money flowing in, Haiti has the chance to create hundreds of new jobs, merchandises, structures, and even a new philosophy to lead them in the future. 
2. I chose this source because it presented be with the exact positive argument that I was searching for. Just like we are always supposed to say what happened as a result of something, in this case, the earthquake, this article explains the major issues which Haiti now faces and where it plans to progress, all because of the earthquake. Instead of the article merely stating Haiti’s current condition and the economic effects (which leaves me guessing how its current state will influence the future of the country), it provided different perspectives from reporters, citizens, officials, and professionals who were all effected in some way by the disaster regarding how their areas of focus view the fortune of Haiti’s defective economy. This allowed me to compare and contrast each viewpoint, therefore presenting me with similarities which then went to assemble a non-biased and equally agreed upon perspective of how the earthquake effected the current and future condition of Haiti’s economy (for the most part). Also, because it is a primary source and give details from someone who was writing at the time as well as individuals who were living at the time and in the area of the actual event. This allowed me to form much more complex and well rounded conclusions to the topic at hand, and use it to present and argue the economic impact which Haiti faced.
3. This periodical article applies to the essay prompt because it ideally explains the influence that the earthquake had on all aspects of the economy, gives examples of specific struggles, and expressed what society expects to do to reinstate the economy which they had before (or an improved system), all from more than one perspective. Using this source would allow me to write a valid essay since it is a primary source, yet not (completely) biased, as it provides firsthand knowledge from quotes and reports from individuals on both sides of the spectrum, whether poor or rich, political or economical, etc. It gives solid information which is all backed up by a quote which could be used as evidence to prove my point. Also, it raises good questions which all argue the positives, and makes no assumptions but rather predictions and ideas all based on collaborative and given information. Primarily, this source would help me answer the essay question because it serves as a reference point that has a variety of information which, whether biased or not, all answer the question at hand. Using all of the diverse information and thoughts, the source forms a combination of each element to structure one firm, evident, thoughtful, and supported answer to the inquiry. Additionally, it (was) current, and allows me to see the situation from a more prevalent and innovative outlook, therefore not forming a bias but answering the question more reflectively and potently. Both the diversity and prevalence of the article would result in a more intricate and convincing essay that proves to readers what the economic impact of the earthquake was on Haiti.

Haiti Earthquake--"Shabbat of Hell"

While reading through the Haiti Earthquake article, the piece of information which I thought of as the most distinguished and significant was the notion of the situation being just like the stories of the Holocaust. “It’s just like the stories we are told of the Holocaust – thousands of bodies everywhere.” This primary source describes and details the magnitude of the disaster and its aftermath, and provides sufficient and illustrative information to what the conditions were like. These few words encompasses several descriptions that allows one to understand what really happened. It describes death, hunger, disorder, destruction of culture, corruption of humanity, inhumanity, collaborations of humanity, community, danger, and so much more that made up the Holocaust, therefore making up this disaster. As it may be a bit of an exaggeration from the one who spoke about it this way because he was greatly effected by it, the idea of the earthquake comparing to the Holocaust shows the vast spectrum by which all aspects of life were effected by it. In other words, by establishing a connection between persecution/war and the environment, two completely opposite elements of life, proves how one aspect of life goes on to involve and impact all others. What the quote explains is significant because the earthquake lead to an extreme amount of development in all of the areas of life which were effected and consequentially changed by it. By damaging and changing the environment, the earthquake also altered the way humanity stands in relation to the world today. 

A Walk in the Woods "vs./and" Hurricane Katrina

In English, we just finished reading the playwrights, A Walk in the Woods. In this play, two negotiators spend a year or so debating over the limitations of nuclear arms throughout the USSR and United States of America, in addition to forming relationships with one another that carry their negotiation to an entirely new level. One of the characters, Botvinnik (he is Russian) realizes and communicates the point that technology is moving at a much faster and efficient rate than government and humanity is moving at. In other words, the pace of technology is outrunning humanity, and humanity can never win the race. This relates identically a main theme which emerges form Hurricane Katrina, in that humanity instituted a technology which was unreliable and unstable, and cause humanity to take an enormous step backwards and evaluate what was feasible and dependable enough to build an entire community upon it. We created the technologies of the levies to break the ocean waters and divide it from the land; if not for the levies, the city would be underwater. But, because of the prominent ambition for advancement and progression in the world humanity developed a groundbreaking, complex, and unstable technology which allowed humanity itself to expand as well as its capacity and knowledge of engineering, construction, and technology. Essentially, humanity has grown itself into something bigger and better than humanity had ever conceived of, and is outpacing nature. The theme of a fight between technology and nature becomes relevant, as each is trying to dominate the other. Just like in the playwright, humans are using technologies which are not meant to be used, let alone established, in nature. But, the pace, quality, and quantity by which these technologies are inventions are moving at and playing a bigger and bigger part in society is defeating the pace by which humanity is moving at. Eventually, the technologies which were so ahead of our time and beyond our capacity of sustainability will come to hurt us, just like the Hurricane eliminated most elements of humanity and society as well as the negotiations of limiting nuclear arms separated humanity and turned it against itself. It is impossible to slow down the pace of technology and speed up the pace of humanity, so, instead of establishing a mutual pace by which each progresses, I think a theme of nature and technology should replace one of nature versus technology. Nature should work along and in line with technology, creating a system which both benefits from the other. In other words, humanity must overcome its determination to become bigger and better than nature itself, and apply the limited technology to nature and discover as well as implement ways which the advanced technology could improve nature, as the two would be working together rather than against each other. This would prevent disasters like Katrina from destroying human installations of technology and causing something much greater than it would have been if humanity abided by nature’s law and built New Orleans on land which is naturally above water/sea level. If technology and nature work together, than humanity in addition to nature has the potential to collaboratively become something bigger and better than one could have ever conceived.

The Blame Game

After watching the third part of the Hurricane Katrina film, I began thinking about the relationship between blame and subjectivity. We saw many individuals who work in different areas of society who have incredibly conflicting and contrasting thought about the disaster, whose fault it was, and how it can be fixed. Someone who held a high position at FEMA was one hundred precent convinced that it was the Department of Homeland Security fault that the disaster escalated to such and extreme height, yet the Department of Homeland Security thought the exact same about FEMA. Essentially, both FEMA and Homeland Security have completely different roles in society, as FEMA is to relieve humanity after a disaster and Homeland Security is merely to insure the utmost safety in the country. While their missions and roles in society overlap and they both provide for similar humanitarian needs, the question remains: whose responsibility is it? This question can be answered in countless amount of ways, but all responses will contain some partiality based on who one answers. The blame game and ongoing fight to determine whose fault it truly was continued/continues because neither side wants to accept the responsibility and consequences which come along with the blame. In reality, no individual or group wants to be the one who is identified and labeled as the one/s who were responsible for a catastrophic disaster, and therefore, they naturally put the blame on another individual/group to put the focus and recognition on someone else than the ones guilty. But, the truth is, when it comes to the responsibility of Katrina, no human or group can be singled out and blamed. It was humanity’s fault as a whole. That is the only answer that is justified and impartial, and the truth. The only way that Katrina resulted so poorly was through the collaboration of all aspects of humanity itself; a single one could not have caused and effected the victims and greater world like humanity did during and after the disaster. FEMA did not make sure that all necessary steps were immediately taken to help and deliver the things the victims in New Orleans needed. The Department of Homeland Security did not consider and secure every citizen’s safety, well-being, and protection as many were left feeling abandoned and vulnerable. When stating the facts of what each side did, we can determine that neither FEMA or Homeland Security improved the situation, and in fact, worsened it in some ways. Therefore, it was/is essential to not blame and argue over whose fault it was when it was everyone’s fault, and the collaboration of humanity which was not taking productive action caused catastrophe such as Hurricane Katrina.